Children’s Perspective on Parenting Styles: A Developmental Approach

The study was conducted on a sample of 320 high school students situated in Ranchi District. The main purpose of this research work has to see the impact of parental behaviour on adolescent’s frustration level. Three dimensional parental behaviour inventory developed by Ojha( 2009) and Frustration test developed by Chauhan and Tiwari (1972) were used for data collection work. The stratified random sampling technique was used during data collection. The main results indicate that adolescents having restrictive parents experience significantly more frustration as compared to adolescents having permissive parents. Result further revealed that restrictive father groups are more frustrated than permissive groups (‘t’=2.82;P<0.01).

Every child is brought up in a home that has a particular environment. In a home the interactional patterns of its members are important in the development of social understandings of children. A home is not merely a shelter for the child but it also happens to be a centre of his feelings, emotions and social learning. The relationship between child and parents also has an important bearing on the transmission process. It includes such variables as power relationships, decision making patterns, division of labour, communication patterns and nature of affective relationship. Belsky (1981) has argued that parental warmth and sensitivity to children's need is the most influential dimension of parenting during infancy, laying the ground work for healthy development. Parke and Buriel (1998) marked that parent-child interaction is linked to a number of child's outcome, including levels of self-confidence and self-esteem, the quality of their close relationships and their emotional well-being. Hurlock (1990) reported that parental love and affection provides a good parent-child relationship that helps the child for a better adjustment in social and personal life. Quality of the parent-child relationship is an important predictor of the adolescent's psychological well-being.
Parent-child relationship is also an important factor in making a child frustrated and hostile. It is a common experience that some parents are cordial, co-operative and friendly to the children. They always provide help and encourage their children, whereas some guardians are neglecting, more strict and stiff to the children. They do not have care for children. They overlook their requirements and even reject them. Children of such parents are heavily punished for slight mistake. In such circumstances children of these families become reactionary and frustrated. Barber (1992) found a lack of parental supervision and poor parental control linked to adolescent problem behaviour. Radkey (1946) reported that parental rejection and disharmony can be regarded as frustrating conditions to child's aggressive behaviours. Shaefer & Bayley (1960) found in an observation that especially mother's coldness and lack of affection is obviously frustrating to the child.
Parent's attitudes play a role of major importance in determining the attitudes and behaviour of the child. As the child grows older, poor relationships with his parents are often expressed in conflicts with them. According to Glueck & Glueck (1950) the child whose parents are cold and rejecting is a child who has been frustrated often. Baumrind (1966) found that some parents and more specially fathers are very much restrictive to their children. They do not encourage verbal give and take, believing that the child should accept their word for what is right. Such parents are ignoring and do not play heed on child's demands. The child who feels that he is being ignored by his parents and not getting proper care for his demands become frustrated and display aggressive behaviour.

Hypotheses:-
This study was conducted to the test following hypotheses:-Ho-Adolescents having restrictive parents will show significantly higher level of frustration than those having permissive parents. Ho-Adolescents who describe their parents as neglectful will have higher score on frustration scale than adolescent who describe them as protective parents. Ho-Adolescents who perceived high parental rejection will show higher level of frustration as compare to those adolescents who perceived high parental love.

Sample:-
The sample for the present study has been identified from different schools situated in and around Ranchi District. Using the stratified random sampling technique 320 adolescents studying in Higher Secondary Schools to participate in the study formed the sample of the study. Their age ranged from 13-19 years.

Instruments:-
The following tools were used.
• Personal Data Questionnaire: -Personal Data Questionnaire developed by researcher.
It included the information about each student's name, age, class and name of the school.  Chauhan and Tiwari (1972), was used to measure frustration of the adolescent students. The scale consists of 40 items and measures four modes of frustration as regression, fixation, resignation and aggression. Each modes have 10 items.

Procedure of data collection:-
The data were collected with the help of selected scales from different high schools situated in Ranchi District area in class room situation. The stratified random sampling method was used for data collection work.

Statistical Analysis:-
In order to measure the impact of parental behaviour on frustration score of adolescents, mean and standard deviation was calculated. To the test significance difference between the two means t-ratio was calculated. The table below represents the findings: RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Table 1   The following main trends are noted in above table:-• It has been observed that there is no significant difference on frustration level in restrictive vs. permissive, neglecting vs protecting and rejecting vs loving mother group of adolescents, which suggest that parental behaviour did not influence their frustration level. • Restrictive and permissive father differed significantly ('t'= 2.82; P<0.01) on frustration scores, indicates that restrictive father groups are more frustrated than permissive group.

OVERALL CONCLUSION:
• Parental restriction and permissiveness contribute significantly to adolescent's frustration. • Adolescents having restrictive father groups are more frustrated than permissive group.