Socio-Genic Needs as Predictors of Risk- Taking Behaviour among Adolescents of Kumaun Region

The main objective of the Present study is to find out the comparative results of socio-genic needs as predictors of risk taking tendency among the adolescents of Kumaun region. A total sample of 300 students (150 boys and 150 girls) of Almora district from Kumaun region was taken. Tools use was SOCIO –GENIC NEED SATISFACTION SCALE (S.N.S) this tool is designed by Chauhan and Dhar (1986) and Risk -Taking Questionnaire (RTQ) prepared by Sinha and Arora (1983).

(1974) is of the opinion that risk is a condition where both the aspects of a thing are clear to the individual and the outcome clearly defines the success and failure.
Risk as Layman understands may be an act which a man undertakes to earn his livelihood or does some act under compulsion, or in other words we can say that "In a dangerous or critical situation a person takes the very quick decision and follows it carefully. The results may be positive or negative, no question remains in mind in this regard".
Every living being is in want of some substance always. The need is physical body raises because of deficiency or excess in quantity. Needs exist as basic striving, common to people that help us to by products of 'roles' and 'role' expectances of individual and his social environments. According to Elliott (1993) "Need is a condition marked by the feeling of lack or want of something or of requiring the performance of some action". According to Davidoff (1976), "Need refers to a bodily or felt social psychological deficiency". Chauhan, Dhar and Singh (1986) "Socio-Genic needs are the rock bottom of the process of socialization and sociogenic need satisfaction relates to the need satisfaction provided to the individual by a society in general". But needs are not only physical or organic there are psychological and socio-genic needs pertaining to bodily organs, like money, honour, reward, appraise etc. Motivational behaviour takes birth through physical and social needs, but this destiny ends up in fulfillment of the goal. There are also intermediate stages between the need and the goal thus forming a cycle called as motive cycle.

MAJOR OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The present study is planned to study the following objectives- • To assess the level of socio-genic needs among adolescents.
• To compute the contribution of socio-genic needs in determining the risk taking behaviour of adolescents.

Hypotheses
On the basis of review of related literature indirectly concerned with the investigation under taken, the following hypotheses have been formulated: • There would be a significant correlation between Positive Need Satisfaction and Risk-Taking Tendency among students. • In multivariate analysis Positive Need Satisfaction would significantly contribute to criterion variable. • Negative Need Experience would be significantly correlated with Risk-Taking behavior among students. • Negative Need Experience would significantly contribute to Risk-Taking Tendency among students.

METHOD
For testing the proposed hypothesis and objectives of this investigation normative survey method was adopted to collect the data. The choice of normative survey method is made principally because the study aims at ascertaining the present information and knowledge of socio-genic needs as predictor of risk -taking behavior among adolescents.

Sample
The present study was conducted on 300 students 150 boys and 150 girls from different schools in Almora district of Kumaun region. The students were selected randomly. The age range was 13 to 15 years.

Tool Used-SOCIO -GENIC NEED SATISFACTION SCALE (S.N.S)
This tool is designed by Chauhan and Dhar (1986). The scale relates to measurement of specific kind of need-satisfaction provided to the individual by a society in general. Socio-genic need are crucially important. The scale provides measures of socio-genic need satisfaction related to four dichotomous need dimensions. It provides scores for all the eight 'end-areas' of these dimensions.
Differentiation, Rejection, Isolation and Submission are negative dimensions described as Negative Need Experience. On the other hand identification, acceptance, cooperation and dominance are positive dimensions also known as Positive Need Satisfaction. In this scale all these dichotomous need dimensions are presenting as eight different areas that have their area values also as presenting below. The number of items in each area is 5 thus there are 40 items in this scale. The items are put into the following six point response category.

RISK-TAKING QUESTIONNAIRE (R.T.Q)
This tool is designed by Sinha and Arora (1983).It is designed to measure the extent of risktaking of a particular individual in his personal as well as in his social life. It is useable on male and female literates.  Further it was also found from the Table 1 that the value of Kurtosis shows the distribution was slightly Lepto Kurtic for Risk-Taking, Rejection, Positive Need Satisfaction, and for Negative Need Experience. Whereas the value of Kurtosis for Acceptance, Cooperation, Identification, Dominance, Isolation, Differentiation, and Submission, was found Slightly Platy Kurtic.     Thus it was concluded that positive and negative dimensions of Socio-Genic Need Satisfaction play an important role all together in Risk-Taking Behaviour. In support of our finding it could be said that Socio-Genic Needs are the rock bottom of the process of socialization and the need satisfaction provided to the individual by a society in general determine the course of his action in future. A person is motivated by his primary and secondary needs and in order to satisfy these needs he takes risk.

S.NO. NAME OF THE VARIABLES MEAN S.D. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS REMARK
These findings are indirectly supported by the study conducted by David (1966) who also observed significant differences on need achievement in high and low achieving boys and girls. Bhatnagar (1967) while predicting academic achievement of high school students from personality variables, found that need for achievement, dominance, nurturance, endurance and aggression are correlated positively and need for differentiation, and affiliation and abasement are correlated negatively with their academic achievement. By contrast, it was found in Verma