Job Satisfaction and Occupational Stress among Public and Private Bank Employees

This article discusses the emerging research concerned with the effect job satisfaction on occupational stress experienced among bank employees. The Occupational Stress Index developed by A.K. Srivastava and A. P. Singh (1984) and Job Satisfaction scale (JSS) developed by Dr. Amar Singh and Dr. T R Sharma (2007) by the researchers to importune information from bank employees was administered to 100 respondents comprising of both public and private banks in the branches of SBI, Bank of Baroda, Punjab National Bank, Co-Operative Bank, ICICI, HDFC and Axis Bank within Ahmedabad city. Objectives of the studies are 1) To study the level of Job Satisfaction of Employees working in Private and Public bank in relation to types of Bank and Gender. 2) To study the Occupational Stress of Employees working in Private and Public bank in relation to types of Bank and Gender. 3) To know the correlation between Job Satisfaction and Occupational Stress of Private and public Bank employees. Statistical 't'-test and correlation were used for data analysis. The findings of the study reflect that Public Bank employees are more satisfied with their jobs and occupationally less stressed than the Private bank employees. Further Female bank employees are less satisfied and under higher level of occupational stress as compared to their Male bank employees counterparts. Whereas, there is a negative & significant co-relation between Job Satisfaction & Occupational stress of Bank employees. It is suggested from findings of the study, that in order to reduce occupational stress among Private bank employees, the job satisfaction must be enhanced.

Occupational stress occurs in situations in which discrepancies exist between occupational demands and opportunities on the one hand and the workers capacities needs and expectations on the other hand. Occupational stress is a stress reaction, which is both physiological, and psychological. In present times it has been strongly felt that teaching has become a very stressful profession. For Employees the sources of stress are generally the heavy workload, time pressure, poor working environment, time pressure, lack of recognition for work, delayed salaries, etc. Stress up to moderate level is helpful for the motivation but stress above the moderate level affects the physical and mental wellbeing of the Employees.
The present paper aims to delve deeper to explore the mean differences and co-relationship exist between job satisfaction and occupational stress amongst public and private bank employees. Sattar and Ali (2014) measures the factors affecting the employee satisfaction by discussing variables such as promotion, work environment, leadership and job satisfaction and observe its impact on workers of the banking industry at Bahawalpur district. It was determined that all the Job Satisfaction and Occupational Stress among Public and Private Bank Employees © The International Journal of Indian Psychology | 80 variables promotions, work environment, leadership behaviour and job satisfaction have significant relationship with employees job satisfaction. Salem et al., (2013), concludes that most people or employees agreed that personality type suits the work they do, and have the opportunity to do what they do best and they are also optimistic about their personal and professional life and further demonstrates that fair policy of recruitment and selection leads to employee satisfaction at work.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Presence of higher degree of occupational stress adversely affected the level of job satisfaction and if employees are allottted low burden of tasks, targets and operational activities to perform for their customers than they"ll become more calm, happy and satisfied with their jobs instead of having hectic workload, burden and tension created by the line managers as well as customers (Khan, Ramzan & Butt, 2013).
After extensive literature review, Sowmya and Panchanatham (2011)reveals that job satisfaction is dependent on supervisor behavior, coworker behaviour, pay and promotion, job and working condition and organizational aspects. In the case of job satisfaction aspects, commercial banks employee perceived pay and promotion as an indispensible factor to decide their satisfaction level.
The level of employees' job satisfaction increases by many factors and when employees are satisfied with their work, they feel motivated ( Noor, 2011). The demand of employees work life balance is increased by change in trends in the business such as change in organizations structure, diversity of work force and female employees working in organizations. Organizations should provide work life balance facilities to their employees so that employees can perform their duties effectively and leads organization to the success. Kamal and Debashish (2009) found that with the change of satisfaction determinants, level of job satisfaction also varies. They observed that as a person ages, his job satisfaction shows an increasing trend. With age,spiritualism of the person increases, but his alternatives for change decreases. Younger employees have more energy, more expectations and more options, and hence have lesser satisfaction with the job.

OBJECTIVES :
The Objectives of the study are stated as follows 1. To study the level of Job Satisfaction of employees working in public bank and private bank in relation to types of Bank and Gender. 2. To study the Occupational Stress of employees working in public bank and private bank in relation to types of Bank and Gender. 3. To know the correlation between Job Satisfaction and Occupational Stress of Public bank and Private bank employees.

Job Satisfaction and Occupational Stress among Public and Private Bank Employees
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology | 81

HYPOTHESIS :
1. There is no significant difference between public bank and private bank employees in respect of their job satisfaction.
2. There is no significant difference between public bank and private bank employees in respect of their occupational stress.
3. There is no significant difference between Male and Female bank employees in respect of their job satisfaction.
4. There is no significant difference between Male and Female bank employees in respect of their occupational stress. 5. There is no significant relationship between job satisfaction and occupational stress.

Participant:
A sample of 100 Employees was randomly selected from Public banks and Private banks (50 were Public bank employees and 50 Private bank employees) of Ahmedabad city of Gujarat.

Variables Involved :
In the present study, job satisfaction and occupational stress have been taken as the dependent variables, whereas demographic variables such as types of Bank, Gender constituted the independent variables.

Tools of the study:
Occupational stress was assessed using "Occupational Stress Index OSI" (Srivastava and Singh, 1984). The questionnaire is consisted of 46 statements with five alternative responses e.g., 5 for strongly agree, 4 for mildly agree 3 agree, 2 for disagree and 1 for strongly disagree.
Responses were obtained on a summated rating scale format ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree". Total score on this scale is considered for the assessment of occupational stress. Higher scores indicated higher perceived occupational stress or more the score on this scale indicates more stress.
The job satisfaction scale (JSS) developed by Singh & Sharma (2007) will be used to measure job satisfaction among the sample Bank Employees. The scale has a very wide acceptance in measuring psychological aspects of functioning in any profession. It consisted of 80 statements in the pilot study. After try out only 30 statements were retained in the final. The scale has been standardized on engineers, doctors and teachers. The test retest reliability of the scale works out to be .978.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
To find the meaningful interpretation of the raw scores, the data is analysed using Mean, S.D and"t"-test.
Ho1. There is no significant difference between public bank and private bank employees in respect of their job satisfaction. Table no.1 the "t" test has been applied to find out whether there is any significant difference in the job satisfaction with respects to their Bank types. The calculated "t" value is found to be 8.27 which is greater than the table value and significant at 0.01 level. Hence the Null Hypothesis "There is no significant difference between public bank and private bank employees in respect of their job satisfaction" is rejected. Therefore it is concluded that there is a significant difference between public bank and private bank employees in the job satisfaction. This result indicates that the mean scores for the variable of job satisfaction for Public Bank Employees were 78.02 and Private Bank Employees were 67.78 respectively. The mean value indicates that the Public Bank Employees scored better than the Private Bank Employees in the job satisfaction. It means that the Public Bank Employees were more satisfied with their job than the Private Bank Employees. The main reasons for job dissatisfaction in Private bank were job insecurity, salary not at par with experience, not much value or credit was given for the tasks accomplished and monotonous nature of job.
Ho2. There is no significant difference between public bank and private bank employees in respect of their occupational stress. The results of the present study are in agreement with the findings of research studies conducted by Sadat Ali, Al-Habdan and Shriyan (2005) and Kumar (2008). Their findings revealed significant difference in the level of occupational stress between Public and Private bank employees. The employees working in Public Banks were found to fare better than those in Private Banks. The possible reason for the present findings could be that the employees working in Private Banks have longer working hours as compared to their counterparts working in Public Banks. Private bank employees undergo high occupational stress as they work in late nights, conduct more market oriented activities than public bank employees and also they are driven by targets.
The finding of the present study would provide useful insight to policy makers in public and Private Banks. The findings can help them to take suitable measures and actions to help employees to distress them which can help in increasing output and employees stability in their respective banks.

Ho3
There is no significant difference between Male and Female bank employees in respect of their job satisfaction. Table no.3 the "t" test has been applied to find out whether there is any significant difference in the job satisfaction with respects to their Gender. The calculated "t" value is found to be 2.07 which is greater than the table value and significant at 0.05 level. Hence the Null Hypothesis "There is no significant difference between Male and Female bank employees in respect of their job satisfaction" is rejected. Therefore it is concluded that there is a significant difference between Male and Female bank employees in the job satisfaction. This result indicates that the mean scores for the variable of job satisfaction for Male Bank Employees were 74.54 and Female Bank Employees were 71.26 respectively. The mean value indicates that the Male Bank Employees scored better than the Female Bank Employees in the job satisfaction. It means that the Male Bank Employees were more satisfied with their job than the Female Bank Employees.
Ho4 -There is no significant difference between Male and Female bank employees in respect of their occupational stress. Ho5 -There is no significant relationship between job satisfaction and occupational stress. As evident from Table 5, the coefficient of correlation (r) between job satisfaction and occupational stress of Bank Employees for the total sample (N=100) studied were negative and significant at 0.05 level. Therefore, the two variables are functionally related i.e., the variables exhibit a relationship thereby indicating that any increase in occupational stress will be attended by a corresponding decrease in job satisfaction and vise versa. This indicates that occupational stress does have negative impact on the job satisfaction of Bank Employees. Hence, hypothesis 5 is rejected.

CONCLUSION
In this research, the investigator has studied about the job satisfaction and occupational stress among Public and Private Bank Employees. Human beings have various biological, psychological and social needs, when these needs are not promptly and easily satisfied by them, an individual faces a condition of stress. It may be said that some drastic changes need to be made with regard to the Banking profession. So the work load of Employees may reduce. A good Employee should have commitment to Clients, Co-workers, society and Bank management. Higher pay packages and perks and less rigidity along with improved work atmosphere so that the younger generation starts considering Banking profession as a serious option.