Childhood Punishment and Fear as Predictors of Destructive Personality Traits and Well-being: A Review

Childhood experiences, especially those involving punishment and fear, significantly shape personality and well-being in adulthood. This research explores how punitive and fear-based parenting strategies contribute to the development of destructive personality traits such as aggression, impulsivity, and emotional instability and hinder psychological well-being. Drawing from developmental psychology, attachment theory, and trauma research, the paper highlights empirical studies that link early adversity with long-term emotional, cognitive, and behavioural outcomes. The review identifies gaps in current research and suggests that a trauma-informed approach is vital for intervention and prevention strategies. Ultimately, this paper underscores the critical role of nurturing and supportive environments in promoting healthy personality development and mental health.