Bridging Human Intuition and Artificial Intelligence: A Review of Psychological Profiling Through Handwriting

Handwriting reflects the interplay of cognitive processes, motor coordination, and emotional expression, making it a meaningful medium for understanding psychological states. While traditional graphology relies on intuitive interpretation of visual writing features, its scientific validity has been widely debated. Recent advances in artificial intelligence allow handwriting to be analyzed through measurable kinematic patterns, offering improved objectivity and consistency. This review examines the historical foundations, theoretical perspectives, and emerging digital approaches in handwriting-based psychological profiling. It highlights the value of integrating human insight with computational precision to develop more ethical, reliable, and balanced models for interpreting personality through handwriting.