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| Published: September 08, 2020
An EMDR group therapy for traumatized former child slaves in India: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Arkin Mental Health Care & Save by Seva Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Google Scholar More about the auther
Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Google Scholar More about the auther
Overwaal Centre of Expertise for Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD, Pro Persona & Behavioural Science Institute, NijCare, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands Google Scholar More about the auther
Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands Google Scholar More about the auther
Elan Shapiro, Private Practice, Israel Google Scholar More about the auther
Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Google Scholar More about the auther
DIP: 18.01.082/20200803
DOI: 10.25215/0803.082
ABSTRACT
Child slavery is a major problem in India: 12% of the children between the age of 5 to 14 years old are forced to work excessively and in unbearable circumstances. These circumstances often involve traumatic events, that may lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health problems. Adequate treatment of these problems is typically unavailable and the effectiveness of treatments used in Western countries is unclear in Indian youth. The purpose of the current pilot randomized controlled trial is to determine if a protocolized brief Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) group therapy, called the EMDR Group-Traumatic Episode Protocol (G-TEP), can reduce symptoms of PTSD, dysfunctional trauma-related cognitions and depression symptoms in former child slaves with PTSD or partial PTSD. The study was executed in a rehabilitation centre for children liberated from slavery near Jaipur. Based on the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), 26 boys between 8 and 18 years who were diagnosed with PTSD or partial PTSD were randomly allocated to an experimental EMDR-condition or a waiting-list control condition. Reductions of PTSD symptoms, dysfunctional trauma-related cognitions and depression symptoms in the EMDR-condition and control condition were not significantly different when controlling for baseline symptom levels. Explanations for the lack of treatment effects include suboptimal circumstances for training and delivery of the treatment, insufficient treatment engagement due to cultural unfamiliarity with psychological treatment or unease with disclosing psychological problems in the participants, and the possibility that participants suffered from complex forms of PTSD for which individual and more comprehensive therapy is indicated. Further studies that remedy these limitations are warranted, given the large and continuous need for effective but brief PTSD interventions in India.
Keywords
EMDR G-TEP Therapy, PTSD, depression, child slavery, India, trauma
This is an Open Access Research distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any Medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
© 2020, Rishma S. I. Khubsing, Inge K. S. Daemen, Lotte Hendriks, Arnold A. P. van Emmerik, Elan Shapiro & Jack J. M. Dekker
Received: July 30, 2020; Revision Received: August 30, 2020; Accepted: September 08, 2020
Article Overview
ISSN 2348-5396
ISSN 2349-3429
18.01.082/20200803
10.25215/0803.082
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Published in Volume 08, Issue 3, July-September, 2020