A Systematic Review of Misdiagnosis Among Children Who Are Diagnosed with ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders in children. The prevalence of ADHD is roughly 5.29% worldwide, although it varies by study and geography, with OECD countries having rates as high as 8–12%. Due to the social and financial consequences, a proper diagnosis is essential. Misdiagnosis of ADHD in children is a significant concern within the mental health field. This literature review examines the prevalence, consequences, and underlying causes of ADHD misdiagnosis among children. By analyzing existing research and diagnostic criteria, and modifications made in diagnostic criteria this study delves into the complexities of differentiating ADHD from other conditions with overlapping symptoms. Moreover, the potential ramifications of incorrect diagnoses on children’s development, education, and overall well-being are explored. The review also identifies factors contributing to misdiagnosis, such as clinician bias, diagnostic criteria limitations, and comorbid conditions. Finally, based on expert input, potential recommendations for improving diagnostic accuracy and minimizing misdiagnosis are presented.