Moderating Roles of Hardiness and Self-Efficacy in the Relationship between Flow and Academic Procrastination on Academic Performance: A Structural Equation Model Approach

Academic procrastination is common among students and is due to various reasons. One of the reasons can be difficulty level of the task. To involve in the task and experience a deep sense of enjoyment, there should be balance between students’ skills and task challenges which is a characteristic of flow. The present study aimed to find out the moderating role of Hardiness and Self-efficacy in the relationship between Flow and Academic Procrastination on Academic Performance. For that 170 undergraduate students were taken from different streams using stratified random sampling method. Procrastination Scale, Dispositional Flow Scale, Hardiness Scale and Self-efficacy scales were used to measure the proposed variable in the model. Results showed a significant negative relation between academic performance and procrastination and a positive relation between Academic Performance, flow, and Self-efficacy. However, there seems no significant relationship between academic performance and hardiness. Structural equation modeling results reveal that procrastination has a significant direct effect on performance and that self-efficacy plays a moderating role in the relationship between flow and procrastination on academic performance, whereas hardiness is non-significant. Hence, it can be concluded from the SEM analysis result that model can be partially accepted. The implications of the study suggest designing the syllabus to match the abilities of all the students, training to elude procrastination and to increase a student’s level of self-efficacy.